2 site lớn bị google banned

Page Rank có còn quan trọng với SEO ?

Page Rank có còn quan trọng với SEO ?

User Rating: / 1
PoorBest 

Nguồn: Thiết kế website

Một trong các cuộc tranh luận  gây được nhiều sự chú ý nhất trong SEO là PageRank quan trọng như thế nào ? và hiện nay nó ảnh hưởng đến SEO như thế nào?. PageRank vẫn còn là một yếu tố quan trọng hay chúng ta có thể bỏ qua nó?  Trong bài viết này chúng ta sẽ phấn tích lại chủ đề  và cố gắng trả lời hết các cậu hỏi  cho vấn đề này.

Chúng ta hãy bắt đầu bằng việc nhìn lại  những  vấn đề đã được thảo luận trong  những năm trước. Tôi  khuyên bạn hãy dành thời gian để đọc hết bài này để trang bị cho mình một kiến thức tổng quát nhất về  mối liên hệ PR và SEO.

Page Rank là gì?
Như hầu hết các bạn đã biết, Page Rank là một thuật toán để tính toán số liệu web trong đó cho thấy độ tin cậy của một trang cụ thể theo đánh giá của Google. Xếp hạng này không chỉ phụ thuộc vào số lượng và chất lượng của link đến website  mà còn phụ thuộc vào các thông số khác như số lượng outgoing link của mỗi trang, vị trí, sự hiển thi link…
Dim lights Embed
Chú ý: Page Rank có giá trị : n/a và từ 0-10.
Quá trình biến đổi của Page Rank.

Trong những năm đầu tiên của Google, PageRank là một trong những tín hiệu quan trọng nhất ảnh hưởng đến kết quả tìm kiếm. Kết quả là các chuyên gia SEO tập trung nhiều vào tăng giá trị PageRank của các trang của họ  bằng cách xây dựng các liên kết tự nhiên hoặc bằng cách mua link từ các trang có PageRank cao. Đồng thời, SEOer và quản trị web  cố gắng để thay đổi cấu trúc liên kết nội bộ dựa trên những kỹ thuật của Page rank.

Phản ứng của Google

Trước việc lạm dụng chỉ cố Page Rank bằng cách mua link từ những website có Pr cao đã gây ảnh hưởng không nhỏ đển thuật toán PR của google. Và nó tạo nên sự cạnh tranh không lành mạnh giữa các webmaster, SEOer… chính vì vậy google đã cải tiến lại thuật toán và làm giảm sự ảnh hưởng của những website sử dụng paid links trên kết quả tìm kiếm bằng cách loại bỏ những link này ra khỏi thuật toán.   Đồng thời google tiến hành banning những website đã bán link. Cũng thời gian này google cho ra đời thẻ  rel=”nofollow”, thuộc tính này sẽ chèn vào anchor text để chỉ ra rằng link này cần bỏ qua, và chỉ số PR sẽ không được chuyển qua website đích.

Ngoài ra, Google đã bắt đầu  thông báo cho người sử dụng rằng PageRank chỉ là một trong số 200 yếu tố để đánh giá xếp hạng website và chúng ta không nên nghĩ PR là một chỉ số quan trọng . Hơn nữa họ đã loại bỏ tab PageRank ra khỏi Google Webmaster Tools và giảm số lẫn cập nhật PR xuống còn 3,4 lần trong một năm.
Google cũng thay đổi nhiều thuật toán để phát hiện spam, thêm các yếu tố  như Social Media ( G+), thay đổi lại cấu trúc index ( thuật toán caffeince), hay thuật toán mới nhất là Google Fresshness. Cuối cùng thêm các  tham số khi tìm kiếm như ( kiểu tìm kiếm) Local Search, News Searchi, Real Time Search  so với phương pháp tìm kiếm truyền thống.
Vâng, các bạn không ai không biết trò chơi “ mèo đuổi chuột”, khi google có biện pháp hạn chế sự lạn dụng PR thì  SEO lại tìm cách khác để làm ảnh hưởng đến kết quả tìm kiếm. SEO đã phát minh ra kỹ thuật PageRank Sculpting, còn webmaster lại cẩn thận hơn trong việc bán textlink  ( Đặt nhiều link liên quan hơn trong 1 trang, chọn vị trí cẩn thận, bán text link với thời gian dài hơn…). Đồng thời các SEOer chuyên nghiệp nghiên cứu thuật toán của SEs để tìm ra phương thức mới làm ảnh hưởng đến bảng xếp hạng. Ngoài ra rất nhiều nghiên cứu đã được công bố trong những năm này là làm sao dự đoán được được giá trị PR, chẳng hạn như sự miêu tả của Dixon Jones ( Marketing Director of Majestic SEO) trong bài viết của ông có tên “ Page Rank Unmasked”

Tuy nhiện có một sự thay đổi quan trọng ở đây, rất nhiều thành viên uy tín trong cộng đồng SEO bắt đầu đặt ra câu hỏi, Page Rank có còn hữu ích hay không? Xoay quanh chủ đề này trong cộng đồng SEO chia ra làm 2 nhóm tư tưởng khác nhau: Một  cho rằng Page Rank vẫn là yếu tố quan trọng trong việc đánh giá xếp hạng của google, quan trọng cho SEO. Nhóm còn lại thì cho  rằng PR không còn là yếu tố quan trọng nữa và nên bỏ qua.

Vậy theo bạn ! PR có còn quan trọng hay không?
Chúng ta hãy đi phân tích từ những điều mà chúng ta đã nắm rõ. Page rank và tổng số liên kết ảnh hưởng đến số trang của một website được lập chỉ mục bởi google( indexed).Vì vậy về cơ bản nếu bạn muốn được index nhiều trang hơn bạn cần gia tăng chỉ số PR. Ngoài ra, bạn cần phải đảm bảo rằng cấu trục liên kết của bạn để có thể chuyền page rank vào các trang quan trọng của website và chúng đã được index.
Dim lights Embed
Hơn thế nữa một đoạn video của Matt Cutt đã nói rằng Page Rank vẫn quan trọng, nhưng chúng ta không nên bị ám ảnh về nó quá nhiều: “PR vẫn quan trọng nhưng nó chỉ là 1 trong 200 các yếu tố để đánh giá xếp hạng.”
Dim lights Embed
Từ video trên chúng ta có thể kết luận rằng Page Rank vẫn là yếu tố quan trọng nhưng chúng ta cần tập trung nhiều hơn vào việc tăng lưu lượng truy cập có liên quan ( truy cập tiềm năng), bán hàng và tỉ lệ ROI.
Ngoài ra một nghiên cứu thú vị gần đây được tiến hành bởi SEOmoz cho thấy rằng ngay cả khi nếu PR không phải là yếu tố dự đoán tốt nhất thì nó vẫn có sự tương quan trong bảng xếp hạng. SEOmoz cho rằng tuyên bố của google ở bên trên là không hoàn toàn chính xác ( Báo cáo của google là: Chúng tôi tin rằng các trang quan trọng có PR cao hơn sẽ có khả năng xuất hiện ở phía trên cùng của kết quả tìm kiếm )
Cá nhân tôi tôn trọng những phát hiện của nghiên cứu SEOmoz và tôi nghĩ rằng nghiên cứu rất đáng đọc.  Tuy nhiên chúng ta lưu ý rằng câu hỏi quan trọng ở đây không phải là PageRank  như thế nào để dự đoán được kết quả tìm kiếm trên trang nhất của google mà là ảnh hưởng của Page Rank trên thứ tự tìm kiếm cho một số lượng lớn của các pages và cần bao nhiêu trang có PR thấp để có thể có được PR cao khi mà số lượng đối thủ lớn, và cạnh tranh ngay gắt. Ngoài ra chúng ta không được quên rằng trong suốt quá trình phân tích mối tương quan chúng ta không chỉ xem một yếu tố duy nhất ảnh hưởng  đến kết quả như thế nào, mà cần xem xét các tác động tương tác. Điều này có nghĩa là sử dụng 2 hoặc nhiều hơn các yếu tố  tại một thời điêm để dự đoán kết quả thì kết quả sẽ hoàn toàn khác khi chúng ta chỉ phân tích các yếu tố riêng biệt.
Ví dụ: Bảng phân tích theo nhiều các yếu tố khác nhau cho website http://www.9magentothemes.com với từ khóa “ magento themes” và các đối thủ.

Tại sao google sử dụng Page Ranks để tính thứ hạng?
Để trả lời cậu hỏi này chúng ta phải hiểu  công cụ tìm kiếm  hoạt động như thế nào?  Công cụ tìm kiếm cố gắng trả về cho user những kết quả có liên quan từ những nguồn đáng tin cậy.  Các cỗ máy tìm kiếm sẽ kết hợp nhiều yếu tố với nhau để xác nhận thông tin tốt nhất, nếu chỉ với thông tin của những trang nhất định thì không đủ căn cứ để đánh giá chất lượng nội dung văn bản, vì vây công cụ tìm kiếm sẽ tiến hành phân tích các yếu tố khác như độ Trust, Authority của mỗi nguồn riêng biệt, công việc này chủ yếu dựa trên sự đánh giá chất lượng của income link mà trang này nhận được. Như thế chúng ta đều biết công cụ tìm kiếm sử dụng dữ liệu từ những liên kết để đánh giá sự phổ dụng của web, vì vậy nhãng trang có chất lượng tốt sẽ nhận được những liên kết từ các trang có chất lượng tốt hơn.
Vậy nếu như thuật toán đánh giá text của những cỗ máy tìm kiếm có thể đánh giá đầy đủ chất lượng thì cỗ máy tìm kiếm đã không phải dựa vào yếu tố chất lượng về link để có thể đưa ra được câu trả lời chính xác nhất cho kết quả tìm kiếm của user.
Công cụ tìm kiếm lấy thông tin từ những link thì chúng phải có cách để đo lường giá trị của những link này. Cũng không khả thi để so sánh từng link riêng lẻ một với nhau của tất cả các kết quả, nên các cỗ máy tìm kiếm phải tính toán các số liệu sao cho có cách đánh giá đơn giản nhất. Vâng đây chính là lúc yếu tố Page rank được tính đến, cùng với Page Rank, google sẽ đánh giá sự đa dạng tên miền, độ trust, quyền hạn và cùng với một loạt các số liệu khác mà google không công bố nhằm đảm bảo sự cạnh tranh
Tất nhiên các thuật toán PageRank đã thay đổi đáng kể từ phiên bản đầu tiên được mô tả trên các báo cáo khoa học của Larry Page và Sergey Brin. Google đã thông báo rằng họ không sử dụng mô hình Surfer đơn giản ngẫu nhiên  (Random Surfer Model )được mô tả ban đầu và họ không còn đối xử với mỗi liên kết của trang như nhau. Có thể là thuật toán PageRank đã thay đổi đáng kể và không còn giống như các thuật toán ban đầu. Tuy nhiên điều này  không có nghĩa là  không còn quan trọng nữa.
Khi Google xác định  một truy vấn cụ thể liên quan đến một khu vực địa lý, một tìm kiếm local, hoặc tìm kiếm một tin tức hay tìm kiếm một sản phẩm, tầm quan trọng giá trị PageRank trong thuật toán nhất định có thể thay đổi. Google đã công bố rằng  là tùy thuộc vào loại tìm kiếm, họ có thể sử dụng các thuật toán khác nhau. Vì vậy, ta có thể xem PageRank là ít quan trọng hơn khi người dùng tìm kiếm cho bài đăng trên blog và nó là từ quan trọng khi một người tìm kiếm tin tức.Tuy nhiên  điều này không có nghĩa là PageRank là một yếu tố mà chúng ta bỏ quả.
KẾT LUẬN:
Tôi phải đồng ý 100% với những gì Matt Cutts nói trên video gần đây của ông. PageRank là một yếu tố quan trọng. Nó một trong số 200 tín hiệu nhưng nó là một trong những yếu tố quan trọng đối với một số lượng lớn các truy vấn. Chúng ta không nên bị ám ảnh với PR nhưng chúng ta không được bỏ qua nó.

DIEN BIEN PHU

              

With Beijing's promise of limited assistance to Hanoi, the communist military strategy concentrated on the liberation of Tonkin and consigned Cochinchina to a lower priority. The top military priority, as set by Giap, was to free the northern border areas in order to protect the movement of supplies and personnel from China. By autumn of 1950, the Viet Minh had again liberated the Viet Bac in decisive battles that forced the French to evacuate the entire border region, leaving behind a large quantity of ammunition. From theirliberated zone in the northern border area, the Viet Minh were free to make raids into the Red River Delta. The French military in Vietnam found it increasingly difficult to convince Paris and the French electorate to give them the manpower and materiel needed to defeat the Viet Minh. For the next two years, the Viet Minh, well aware of the growing disillusionment of the French people with Indochina, concentrated its efforts on wearing down the French military by attacking its weakest outposts and by maximizing the physical distance between engagements to disperse French forces. Being able to choose the time and place for such engagements gave the guerrillas a decided advantage. Meanwhile, political activity was increased until, by late 1952, more than half the villages of the Red River Delta were under Viet Minh control.

The newly appointed commander of French forces in Vietnam, General Henri Navarre, decided soon after his arrival in Vietnam that it was essential to halt a Viet Minh offensive underway in neighboring Laos. To do so, Navarre believed it was necessary for the French to capture and hold the town of Dien Bien Phu, sixteen kilometers from the Laotian border. For the Viet Minh, control of Dien Bien Phu was an important link in the supply route from China. In November 1953, the French occupied the town with paratroop battalions and began reinforcing it with units from the French military post at nearby Lai Chau.
During that same month, Ho indicated that the DRV was willing to examine French proposals for a diplomatic settlement announced the month before. In February 1954, a peace conference to settle the Korean and Indochinese conflicts was set for April in Geneva, and negotiations in Indochina were scheduled to begin on May 8. Viet Minh strategists, led by Giap, concluded that a successful attack on a French fortified camp, timed to coincide with the peace talks, would give Hanoi the necessary leverage for a successful conclusion of the negotiations.
Accordingly, the siege of Dien Bien Phu began on March 13, by which time the Viet Minh had concentrated nearly 50,000 regular troops, 55,000 support troops, and almost 100,000 transport workers in the area. Chinese aid, consisting mainly of ammunition, petroleum, and some large artillery pieces carried a distance of 350 kilometers from the Chinese border, reached 1,500 tons per month by early 1954. The French garrison of 15,000, which depended on supply by air, was cut off by March 27, when the Viet Minh artillery succeeded in making the airfield unusable. An elaborate system of tunnels dug in the mountainsides enabled the Viet Minh to protect its artillery pieces by continually moving them to prevent discovery. Several hundred kilometers of trenches permitted the attackers to move progressively closer to the French encampment. In the final battle, human wave assaults were used to take the perimeter defenses, which yielded defensive guns that were then turned on the main encampment. The French garrison surrendered on May 7, ending the siege that had cost the lives of about 25,000 Vietnamese and more than 1,500 French troops.

The following day, peace talks on Indochina began in Geneva, attended by the DRV, the Associated State of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, France, Britain, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States. In July a compromise agreement was reached consisting of two documents: a cease-fire and a final declaration. The ceasefire agreement, which was signed only by France and the DRV, established a provisional military demarcation line at about the 17°N parallel and required the regroupment of all French military forces south of that line and of all Viet Minh military forces north of the line. A demilitarized zone (DMZ), no more than five kilometers wide, was established on either side of the demarcation line. The cease-fire agreement also provided for a 300-day period, during which all civilians were free to move from one zone to the other, and an International Control Commission, consisting of Canada, India, and Poland, to supervise the ceasefire. The final declaration was endorsed through recorded oral assent by the DRV, France, Britain, China, and the SovietUnion. It provided for the holding of national elections in July 1956, under the supervision of the International Control Commission, and stated that the military demarcation line was provisional and "should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political territorial boundary." Both the United States and the Associated State of Vietnam, which France had recognized on June 4 as a "fully independent and sovereign state," refused to approve the final declaration and submitted separate declarations stating their reservations.

 Source : Vietnam Culture

Chi Minh and the Communist Movement

              

The year 1925 also marked the founding of the Viet Nam Thanh Nien Cach Menh Dong Chi Hoi (Revolutionary Youth League) in Guangzhou by Ho Chi Minh. Born Nguyen Sinh Cung in Kim Lien village, Nghe An Province in May 1890, Ho was the son of Nguyen Sinh Sac (or Huy), a scholar from a poor peasant family. Following a common custom, Ho's father renamed him Nhuyen Tat Thanh at about age ten. Ho was trained in the classical Confucian tradition and was sent to secondary school in Hue. After working for a short time as a teacher, he went to Saigon where he took a course in navigation and in 1911 joined the crew of a French ship. Working as a kitchen hand, Ho traveled to North America, Africa, and Europe. While in Paris from 1919-23, he took the name Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot). In 1919 he attempted to meet with United States President Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles Peace Conference in order to present a proposal for Vietnam's independence, but he was turned away and the proposal was never officially acknowledged. During his stay in Paris, Ho was greatly influenced by Marxist-Leninist literature, particularly Lenin's Theses on the National and Colonial Questions (1920), and in 1920 he became a founding member of the French Communist Party. He read, wrote, and spoke widely on Indochina's problems before moving to Moscow in 1923 and attending the Fifth Congress of the Communist International, also called the Comintern, in 1924. In late 1924, Ho arrived in Guangzhou, where he spent the next two years training more than 200 Vietnamese cadres in revolutionary techniques. His course of instruction included study of Marxism-Leninism, Vietnamese and Asian revolutionary history, Asian leaders such as Gandhi and Sun Yat- sen, and the problem of organizing the masses. As a training manual, Ho used his own publication Duong Cach Menh (The Revolutionary Path), written in 1926 and considered his primer on revolution. Going by the name Ly Thuy, he formed an inner communist group, Thanh Nien Cong San Doan (Communist Youth League), within the larger Thanh Nien (Youth) organization. The major activity of Thanh Nien was the production of a journal, Thanh Nien, distributed clandestinely in Vietnam, Siam, and Laos, which introduced communist theory into the Vietnamese independence movement. Following Chiang Kai-shek's April 1927 coup and the subsequent suppression of the Communists in southern China, Ho fled to Moscow.
In December of that year, a teacher from a Vietnamese peasant family, Nguyen Thai Hoc, founded Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang, (VNQDD, Vietnamese Nationalist Party), in Hanoi. With a membership largely of students, low-ranking government employees, soldiers, and a few landlords and rich peasants, VNQDD was patterned after the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), from which it received financial support in the 1930s. Another source of funds for the VNQDD was the Vietnam Hotel in Hanoi, which it opened in 1928 as both a commercial enterprise and the party headquarters. The hotel restaurant, however, provided French agents with an easy means of penetrating the party and monitoring its activities. At various times, the VNQDD attempted, without success, to form a united front with Thanh Nien and other independence organizations. Thanh Nien, being two years older, however, had had a head start over VNQDD in organizing in schools, factories, and local government, which it had done with patience and planning. The VNQDD therefore concentrated instead on recruitment of Vietnamese soldiers and the overthrow of French rule through putschist-style activities.

In February 1929, the French official in charge of recruiting coolie labor was killed by an assassin connected with the VNQDD. The French immediately arrested several hundred VNQDD leaders and imprisoned seventy-eight. VNQDD leaders Nguyen Thai Hoc and Nguyen Khac Nhu escaped, but most members of the Central Committee were captured. The remaining leadership under Nguyen Thai Hoc decided to stage a general uprising as soon as possible. All dissent to the plan was overridden, and the party began manufacturing and stockpiling weapons. On February 9, 1930, a revolt instigated by the VNQDD broke out at Yen Bai among the Vietnamese garrison, but it was quickly suppressed. Simultaneous attacks on other key targets, including Son Tay and Lam Thu, were also unsuccessful because of poor preparation and communication. The Yen Bai uprising was disastrous for the VNQDD. Most of theorganization 's top leaders were executed, and villages that had given refuge to the party were shelled and bombed by the French. After Yen Bai, the VNQDD ceased to be of importance in the anticolonial struggle. Although more modernist and less bound by tradition than the scholar-patriots of the Phan Boi Chau era, the VNQDD had remained a movement of urban intellectuals who were unable to involve the masses in their struggle and too often favored reckless exploits over slow and careful planning.
On June 17, 1929, the founding conference of the first Indochinese Communist Party (ICP--Dang Cong San Dong Duong) was held in Hanoi under the leadership of a breakaway faction of Thanh Nien radicals. The party immediately began to publish several journals and to send out representatives to all parts of the country for the purpose of setting up branches. A series of strikes supported by the party broke out at this time, and their success led to the convening of the first National Congress of Red Trade Unions the following month in Hanoi. Other communist parties were founded at this time by both supporting members of Thanh Nien and radical members of yet another party revolutionary with Marxist leavings but no direct tie with the Comintern, called the New Revolutinary Party or Tan Viet Party. At the beginning of 1930, there were actually three communist parties in French Indochina competing for members. The establishment of the ICP prompted remaining Thanh Nien members to transform the Communist Youth Leaque into a communist party - the Annam Communist Party (ACP, Annam Cong San Dang), and Tan Viet Party members followed suit by renaming theirorganization the Indochinese Communist League (Dong Duong Cong San Lien Doan). As a result, the Comintern issued a highly critical indictment of the factionalism in the Vietnamese revolutionary movement and urged the Vietnamese to form a united communist party. Consequently, the Comintern leadership sent a message to Ho Chi Minh, then living in Siam, asking him to come to Hong Kong to unify the groups. On February 3, 1930, in Hong Kong, Ho presided over a conference of representatives of the two factions derived from Thanh Nien (members of the Indochinese Communist League were not represented but were to be permitted membership in the newly formed party as individuals) at which a unified Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) was founded, the Viet Nam Cong San Dang. At the Comintern's request, the name was changed later that year at the first Party Plenum to the Indochinese Communist Party, thus reclaiming the name of the first party of that named founded in 1929. At the founding meeting, it was agreed that a provisional Central Committee of nine members (three from Bac Bo, two from Trung Bo, two from Nam Bo, and two from the overseas Chinese community) should be formed and that recognition should be sought from the Comintern. Various massorganizations including unions, a peasants' association, a women's association, a relief society, and a youth league were to be organized under the new party. Ho drew up a program of party objectives, which were approved by the conference. The main points included overthrow of the French; establishment of Vietnamese independence; establishment of a workers', peasants', and soldiers' government;organization of a workers' militia; cancellation of public debts; confiscation of means of production and their transfer to the proletarian government; distribution of French-owned lands to the peasants; suppression of taxes; establishment of an eight-hour work day; development of crafts and agriculture; institution of freedom oforganization; and establishment of education for all.
The formation of the ICP came at a time of general unrest in the country, caused in part by a global worsening of economic conditions. Although the size of the Vietnamese urban proletariat had increased four times, to about 200,000, since the beginning of the century, working conditions and salaries had improved little. The number of strikes rose from seven in 1927 to ninety- eight in 1930. As the effects of the worldwide depression began to be felt, French investors withdrew their money from Vietnam. Salaries dropped 30 to 50 percent, and employment, approximately 33 percent. Between 1928 and 1932, the price of rice on the world market decreased by more than half. Rice exports totaling nearly 2 million tons in 1928 fell to less than 1 million tons in 1931. Although both French colons and wealthy Vietnamese landowners were hit by the crisis, it was the peasant who bore most of the burden because he was forced to sell at least twice as much rice to pay the same amount in taxes or other debts. Floods, famine, and food riots plagued the countryside. By 1930 rubber prices had plummeted to less than one-fourth their 1928 value. Coal production was cut, creating more layoffs. Even the colonial government cut its staff by one-seventh and salaries by one- quarter.
Ronald J. Cima, ed. Vietnam: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987
We are focus on Vietnam Culture, Vietnam Travel

Vietnam Early History | Vietnam Culture

The Vietnamese people represent a fusion of races, languages, and cultures, the elements of which are still being sorted out by ethnologists, linguists, and archaeologists. As was true for most areas of Southeast Asia, the Indochina Peninsula was a crossroads for many migrations of peoples, including speakers of Austronesian, Mon-Khmer, and Tai languages. The Vietnamese language provides some clues to the cultural mixture of the Vietnamese people. Although a separate and distinct language, Vietnamese borrows much of its basic vocabulary from Mon-Khmer, tonality from the Tai languages, and some grammatical features from both Mon-Khmer and Tai. Vietnamese also exhibits some influence from Austronesian languages, as well as large infusions of Chinese literary, political, and philosophical terminology of a later period.
The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, with some archaeological sites in Thanh Hoa Province reportedly dating back several thousand years. Archaeologists link the beginnings of Vietnamese civilization to the late Neolithic, early Bronze Age, Phung-nguyen culture, which was centered in Vinh Phu Province of contemporary Vietnam from about 2000 to 1400 B.C.. By about 1200 B.C., the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River plains led to the development of the Dong Son culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Dong Sonian sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found in northern Vietnam. Some of the similarities between the Dong Sonian sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.
According to the earliest Vietnamese traditions, the founder of the Vietnamese nation was Hung Vuong, the first ruler of the semilegendary Hung dynasty (2879-258 B.C., mythological dates) of the kingdom of Van Lang. Hung Vuong, in Vietnamese mythology, was the oldest son of Lac Long Quan (Lac Dragon Lord), who came to the Red River Delta from his home in the sea, and Au Co, a Chinese immortal. Lac Long Quan, a Vietnamese cultural hero, is credited with teaching the people how to cultivate rice. The Hung dynasty, which according to tradition ruled Van Lang for eighteen generations, is associated by Vietnamese scholars with Dong Sonian culture. An important aspect of this culture by the sixth century B.C. was the tidal irrigation of rice fields through an elaborate system of canals and dikes. The fields were called Lac fields, and Lac, mentioned in Chinese annals, is the earliest recorded name for the Vietnamese people.
The Hung kings ruled Van Lang in feudal fashion with the aid of the Lac lords, who controlled the communal settlements around each irrigated area, organized construction and maintenance of the dikes, and regulated the supply of water. Besides cultivating rice, the people of Van Lang grew other grains and beans and raised stock, mainly buffaloes, chickens, and pigs. Potterymaking and bamboo-working were highly developed crafts, as were basketry, leather-working, and the weaving of hemp, jute, and silk. Both transport and communication were provided by dugout canoes, which plied the network of rivers and canals.
The last Hung king was overthrown in the third century B.C. by An Duong Vuong, the ruler of the neighboring upland kingdom of Thuc. An Duong Vuong united Van Lang with Thuc to form Au Lac, building his capital and citadel at Co Loa, thirty-five kilometers north of present-day Hanoi. An Duong's kingdom was short-lived, however, being conquered in 208 B.C. by the army of the Chinese Qin dynasty (221-207 B.C.) military commander Trieu Da (Zhao Tuo in Chinese). Reluctant to accept the rule of the Qin dynasty's successor, the new Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), Trieu Da combined the territories under his control in southern China and northern Vietnam and established the kingdom of Nam Viet (Nan Yue in Chinese), meaning Southern Viet. Viet (Yue) was the term applied by the Chinese to the various peoples on the southern fringes of the Han empire, including the people of the Red River Delta. Trieu Da divided his kingdom of Nam Viet into nine military districts; the southern three (Giao Chi, Cuu Chan, and Nhat Nam) included the northern part of present-day Vietnam. The Lac lords continued to rule in the Red River Delta, but as vassals of Nam Viet.



Ronald J. Cima, ed. Vietnam: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987.



Collection from Vietnam Culture




XGen SEO | SEO Suite | XGen Social Software
Vietnam Culture

Vietnam History - The Nghe Tinh Rovolt

         

Strikes grew more frequent in Nam Bo in early 1930 and led to peasant demonstrations in May and June of that year. The focus of reaction to the worsening economic conditions, however, was Nghe An Province, which had a long history of support for peasant revolts. Plagued by floods, drought, scarcity of land, and colonial exploitation, the people of Nghe An had been supporters of the Can Vuong movement and the activities of Phan Boi Chau. By late 1929, the ICP had begun organizing party cells, trade unions, and peasant associations in the province. By early 1930, it had established a provincial committee in the provincial capital of Vinh and had begun to found mass organizations throughout Nghe An. French sources reported that by mid-summer 1930 there were about 300 Communist activists in Nghe An and the neighboring province of Ha Tinh. This figure rose to 1,800 a few months later. The communists helped to mobilize the workers and peasants of Nghe-Tinh, as the two-province area was known, to protest the worsening conditions. Peasant demonstrators demanded a moratorium on the payment of the personal tax and a return of village communal lands that were in the hands of wealthy landowners. When the demands were ignored, demonstrations turned to riots; government buildings, manor houses, and markets were looted and burned, and tax rolls were destroyed. Some village notables joined in the uprisings or refused to suppress them. Local officials fled, and government authority rapidly disintegrated. In some of the districts, the communists helped organize the people into local village associations called soviets (using the Bolshevik term). The soviets, formed by calling a meeting of village residents at the local dinh, elected a ruling committee to annul taxes, lower rents, distribute excess rice to the needy, and organize the seizure of communal land confiscated by the wealthy. Village militias were formed, usually armed only with sticks, spears, and knives.

By September the French had realized the seriousness of the situation and brought in Foreign Legion troops to suppress the rebellion. On September 9, French planes bombed a column of thousands of peasants headed toward the provincial capital. Security forces rounded up all those suspected of being communists or of being involved in the rebellion, staged executions, and conducted punitive raids on rebellious villages. By early 1931, all of the soviets had been forced to surrender. Of the more than 1,000 arrested, 400 were given long prison sentences, and 80, including some of the party leaders, were executed. With the aid of other Asian colonial authorities, Vietnamese communists in Singapore, China, and Hong Kong were also arrested.

                   
The early 1930s was a period of recovery and rebuilding for the ICP in Vietnam. Reorganization and recruitment were carried on even among political prisoners, of whom there were more than 10,000 by 1932. In the prison of Poulo Condore, Marxist literature circulated secretly, an underground journal was published, and party members (among them future party leaders Pham Van Dong and Le Duan) organized a university, teaching courses in sciences, literature, languages, geography, and Marxism-Leninism. The party also began to recruit increasingly from among Vietnamese minorities, particularly the Tay-Nung ethnic groups living in the Viet Bac. Located along Vietnam's northern border with China, this remote mountainous region includes the modern provinces of Lang Son, Cao Bang, Bac Thai, and Ha Tuyen.

This period also marked the rise of a Trotskyite faction within the communist movement, which in 1933 began publishing a widely read journal called La Lutte (Struggle). The Comintern's hostility toward Trotskyites prevented their formal alliance with the ICP, although. informal cooperation did exist. In 1935 a combined slate of ICP members and Trotskyites managed to elect four candidates to the Saigon municipal council. Cooperation between the two groups began to break down, however, when a Popular Front government led by the French Socialist Party under Leon Blum was elected in Paris. The Trotskyites complained that, despite the change of leadership in France, nothing had changed in Indochina. From the communist viewpoint, the major contribution to Vietnamese independence made by the Popular Front government was an amnesty declared in 1936 under which 1,532 Vietnamese political prisoners were freed.

We are focus on Vietnam Cultures

The Vietnam War Resources

There are numerous Vietnam War resources available for those wishing to find out more about this conflict. As with many of the 20th Century wars the majority of the information is now to be found on the internet. Often the details needed are available to anyone with an interest, and, more often than not, these are a free resource.

 

 

Vietnam War Resource Timeline

The Vietnam War resources include a detailed timeline which gives a chronological listing of all the major events both on, and off, the battlefield. From here there will be detailed accounts of the causes of the war, the diplomatic events, the military conflicts, and more.
There are numerous Vietnam War resources included in the American National Archives and the Library of Congress, as well as the Presidential Libraries relating to Dwight D Eisenhower, John F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnson. There are also war resources available for the servicemen of other countries that were involved in Vietnam such as the Australian War Memorial. The Vietnam War resources you want to look at may be determined by what branch of the services your father, or grandfather, was enlisted in. There are specific documents available at the US Air Force Historical Research Agency, the US Army Center of Military History, the US Marine Corps History Division, and the US Navy Historical Center.
The Vietnam War resources can be further sub-divided so that a specific platoon may be researched, e.g. 4th Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment, or a specific event, e.g. Hamburger Hill or the Battle of Long Tan.
As with many of the 20th century conflicts the Vietnam War resources are not limited to the written word. As technology has improved over the years, the internet will also yield many audio-visual pieces relating to the news footage of the day, and some personal memories of servicemen.

We are focus on : Vietnam Culture